Which of the following is NOT a source of cognitive learning?

Cognitive learning involves the acquisition of knowledge through thought, experience, and the senses, rather than through direct experience. The correct answer is product recalls, as this concept typically refers to a marketing response or tool rather than a method of learning.

Direct experience involves actively engaging with a product or service, which enhances understanding through personal interaction. Vicarious experience refers to learning from observing others, which is also a key method of cognitive learning. Interpreting product-related information involves analyzing details and making sense of them, which is central to how consumers learn about products without direct interaction or trials.

In contrast, product recalls primarily relate to the manufacturers' actions in response to safety or quality issues, meaning they do not contribute directly to the process of how consumers understand and learn about products. Thus, it stands apart from the cognitive learning sources that involve active or observational learning.