Which cognitive learning process involves making adjustments to existing knowledge?

The cognitive learning process that involves making adjustments to existing knowledge is accurately identified as tuning. This process typically occurs when a person modifies their pre-existing cognitive structures in response to new information. Rather than completely discarding prior knowledge, tuning allows for the integration of new ideas with what is already known, leading to a refined understanding of concepts.

In contrast, the other processes mentioned hold different implications. Restructuring refers to a more comprehensive overhaul of an individual's cognitive framework, often leading to the creation of entirely new mental models rather than adjustments. Accretion involves the addition of new information to existing schemas without altering them significantly, which differs from the concept of tuning that emphasizes modification. Reinforcement relates to the strengthening of existing behaviors or learning outcomes through rewards, rather than the cognitive adjustment process itself. Thus, tuning is specifically concerned with the nuanced changes in understanding that reflect real-time learning and adaptation.